INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA
                Typical ICP torch   page 232
                Nebulizer
 
        THE SPECTROMETERS
                Echelle type grating (figures 10-7 and 10-9)
                Detectors    Charge- Injection
                                    Charge - Coupled Device
        CHARACTERISTICS OF ICP - AES   page 243 & 245

Diffraction
Refraction
        n_i = c/v_i
Dispersion
        Lenses / prisms
Reflection
        Increases with the angle of incidence
Scattering
        1.    Rayleigh particles - smaller than the wavelength
        2.    Collisions with large molecules
        3.    Raman

Atomic Absorption
        polyatomic source -->  a few well-defined frequencies
        electronic absorption only

Molecular Absorption
        Energy states of molecules are far more abundant than atoms
 
            E_total= E_electronic+ E_vibrational + E_rotational
relative#s        bonding << vibration<<rotation

vibrational levels -->  v_i =  1/h(e_i-e_o)  page 136
 

ULTRAVIOLET/VISIBLE MOLECULAR ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
BEER'S LAW   A = - log T = log P_o /P = ebc
Table 13-1    Figure 13-1 (Blanking the instrument)
Limitations to Beer's law
    Real
    Chemical
 

WEEK AFTER BREAK